AN OVERVIEW OF SINGING FOR HEALTH RESEARCH
Since 2000, there has been a growing interest in the health benefits of singing, represented in the number of studies published in the UK alone (Clift & Hancox 2001; Clift & Morrison 2011; Lynch & O’Donaghue, 2017).
​
The 2001 study of 84 choral singers by Stephen Clift and Grenville Hancox found:
​
Improved breathing, improved speech and posture, improved circulation, reduced pain levels and increased sense of well-being (Clift et al, 2001)
Most significant findings;
​
-
Well-being and relaxation
-
Breathing function and posture
​
Some results but most singers were unsure about significant impacts;
​
-
Spiritual
-
Emotional
-
Immune function (heart rate)
A more recent study in 2018 was an international, cross sectional study involving 1,779 adult participants (choir members). Themes identified were:
​
-
Social connection
-
Physical and physiological benefits (specifically respiratory health)
-
Cognitive stimulation
-
Mental health
-
Enjoyment
-
Transcendence
Research since 2001 continues to confirm benefits in:
​
-
Mental health and well-being (Fancourt/Perkins et al, 2020; Bongard et al, 2004; Fancourt et al, 2016; Porter et al, 2017; Moss et al, 2018; Clift et al 2009, 2010, 2012; Clift & Hancox 2010; Livesey et al, 2012)
​
-
Physical health – respiratory, posture/alignment, voice function, immune function, pain management (Lewis et al, 2016; Harrison et al, 2017; Wiech et al, 2020; Smith et al, 2010; Fancourt et al, 2016)
​
-
Increasing social connections and sense of community (Camlin et al, 2020; Fancourt et al, 2020; Daykin et al, 2018; Reagon et al, 2016)
Research overviews by health condition/category
Useful quotes about singing and health
​
-
“Singing is not only the exercise of the body function but also a way of self-expression, which brings about a positive personal and social impact” (A review of the physiological effect and mechanisms of singing - Kang et al, 2018, JOV 32(4) 390-395)
​
-
“Music is uniquely efficacious in resonating with our basic emotional systems, bringing to life many affective proclivities that may be encoded, as birth rights, within ancient neural circuits constructed by our genes” (Panksepp and Bernatzy, 2002 p. 136)
​
-
Aaron Copeland – we bathe in sound of music and one note can change the atmosphere of a room (1998)
General wellbeing / mental health / immune function
​
-
Taking part in group singing is associated with enhanced well-being, improved quality of life, ability to cope and self-awareness (Daykin et al, 2018)
-
Singing can promote the reduction of stress hormone (cortisol) (Bongard et al, 2004; Fancourt et al, 2016)
-
Group singing has been shown to regulate breathing and heart rate, calming the nervous system (Vikhoff et al, 2013)
-
Immune function can be improved through singing, as indicated by reduction in cortisol and increased cytokines in cancer patients and their families (Fancourt et al, 2015)
-
Taking part in arts activities has significant impact on reducing loneliness and even prolonging life (Fancourt et al, 2019)
-
Sharing music with others served an evolutionary purpose of holding people together (Schafer et al, 2013)
-
Making music builds empathy, trust and social bonding (Levitin, 2016)
-
Singing with a group can be a spiritual experience and one of transcendence and connection (Camlin et al, 2020)
-
Social vocalisations can produce oxytocin (Seltzer et al, 2010)
-
Singing or Chanting, across cultures, brings people together so that “feelings in common are expressed through actions in common” (Durkham, 1995 p.390)
-
Singing can have an ice breaking effect (Dunbar et al, 2015)
-
Taking part in arts activities can promote all aspects of well-being (Fancourt et al, 2020) including hedonic well-being (Kahneman et al, 1999) and eudaimonic well-being (Deci & Ryan, 2001)
Respiratory health​
​
-
Managing breathlessness and symptoms of chronic lung diseases (such as COPD) (Clift et al, 2013; Lewis et al, 2016; Amadi et al, 2015; Bott et al, 2016)
-
The encouragement of deeper breathing and extension of exhalation helps to improve lung function and reduce feelings of anxiety, often linked with lung disease (Baldwin et al, 2006).
-
Lengthening the exhalation, slow and diaphragmatic breathing increases Parasympathetic Nervous System, measured by blood pressure, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) (Perciavalle et al, 2017; Tavares et al, 2017)
-
Taking part in singing (standing up) induced responses that were consistent with moderate intensity (physical) activity (comparing singing for lung health to treadmill walking) (Philip et al, 2020)
Dementia​
​
-
Singing for people with Dementia has shown improvements in general feelings of well-being as well as stimulating memory responses and promoting sense of belonging and social bonding (Osman et al, 2016).
-
Songs can stimulate memories, induce feelings of nostalgia and provoke emotional responses (Buchanan, 2007)
-
Improvements in cognition (Brancatisano et al, 2019; Osman et al, 2016)
-
Improvements in verbal fluency (Brancatisano et al, 2019)
-
Mood enhancement and positive emotions (Cohen-Mansfield et al, 2012; Osman et al, 2016)
-
Increased ability to decode and retrieve new information, even with advanced AD (Oostnedorf & Montel, 2014)
-
Improvements in quality of life and reduction in anxiety and depression (Cooke et al, 2010; Camic et al 2011)
Pain management​
​
-
Singing has been shown to promote the production of endorphins, our natural pain killer (Smith et al, 2010)
-
Small-scale studies suggest that singing can support people with the management of chronic pain – something affecting between a third and half of the population (Croft et al, 2016)
-
Impacts on mood, coping with pain and perceived levels of pain in singing group attached to Pain Clinic (Faunce and Kenny, 2004)
-
Singing within a Pain Clinic setting 2016 – significant improvements in mental well-being (Hopper et al, 2016)
-
(Bradt et al, 2016) 22 participants in New York over an 8 week project involving relaxation, voice, body, breath and singing. Participants reported improved ability to manage pain and stress relieving benefits. Participants felt a greater sense of well-being and self-care and reported a reduction in depression
-
Community singing programme for people with chronic pain (Curtis et al, 2016) found very similar results as the other studies from interviews with 7 participants
-
Singing has the potential to support the tolerance of pain more than listening to music or silence (LiKamWa et al, 2020)
Parkinson’s and other neurological conditions
​
-
Singing can improve gait in people with Parkinson’s (Harrison et al, 2017) and may aid communication skills for people with Parkinson’s (Barnish et al, 2016)
-
Singing for Parkinson’s Disease has been found to improve symptoms including speech loss and dysphagia (difficulty with swallowing) as well as promote improved posture and breathing (Hibbing et al, 2016).
-
Following the success found in Melodic Intonation Therapy (Albert et al, 1973; Van der Meulen et al, 2014), studies have shown that singing has the potential to support people with aphasia (loss of speech) (Schlaug et al, 2010; Tarrant et al, 2021)
General physical health
​
-
There is a strong relationship between psychological and physical improvements as a result of group/choral singing among people with or without chronic illnesses (Campbell et al, 2021)
-
Better nutrition and less body fat in singers (controlled study with 100 singers) Wiech et al, 2020 JOV (in press)
Children and young people
​
-
A study of nearly 4,000 children found that singing improved confidence and self-esteem (both elements of Executive Functioning) (Welch et al, 2011)
-
Singing can improve self-esteem and reduce depression in children and young people (Porter et al, 2017)
-
Rap can structure emotional expression and help regulate aggression & Singing can support expression of deeper emotional involvement in young people (Ulhig et al, 2017)
Find out more by browsing our singing & health research summaries here
References
Albert ML, Sparks RW, Helm NA. Melodic intonation therapy for aphasia. Arch Neurol. 1973 Aug;29(2):130-1. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1973.00490260074018. PMID: 4717723.
Barnish J, Atkinson RA, Barran SM, Barnish MS. Potential Benefit of Singing for People with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Parkinsons Dis. 2016 Jun 3;6(3):473-84. doi: 10.3233/JPD-160837. PMID: 27258698.
Bradt, J., Norris, M., Shim, M., Gracely, E. J., & Gerrity, P. (2016). Vocal music therapy for chronic pain management in inner-city African Americans: A mixed methods feasibility study. Journal of Music Therapy, 53(2), 178–208. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/thw004
Brancatisano, O., Baird, A., & Thompson, W. F. (2019). A “Music, Mind and Movement” program for people with dementia: Initial evidence of improved cognition. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(JULY), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01435
Camic, P. M., Williams, C. M., & Meeten, F. (2013). Does a “Singing Together Group” improve the quality of life of people with a dementia and their carers? A pilot evaluation study. Dementia, 12(2), 157–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301211422761
Camlin, D. A., Daffern, H., & Zeserson, K. (2020). Group singing as a resource for the development of a healthy public: a study of adult group singing. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-020-00549-0
Campbell, Q., Bodkin-Allen, S., & Swain, N. (2021). Group singing improves both physical and psychological wellbeing in people with and without chronic health conditions: A narrative review. Journal of Health Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053211012778
Chanda, M. L., & Levitin, D. J. (2013). The neurochemistry of music. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(4), 179–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.02.007
Clift, S., Hancox, G., Morrison, I., Hess, B., Kreutz, G., & Stewart, D. (2010). Choral singing and psychological wellbeing: Quantitative and qualitative findings from English choirs in a cross-national survey. Journal of Applied Arts & Health. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaah.1.1.19/1
Clift, S., Hancox, G., Staricoff, R., & Whitmore, C. (2008). Sidney De Haan Research Centre for Arts and Health. http://www.canterbury.ac.uk/centres/sidney-de-haan-research/
Clift, S. M. (2012). Creative arts as a public health resource : moving from practice- based research to evidence-based practice. 132(3), 120–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913912442269
Clift, S. M., & Hancox, G. (2001). The perceived benefits of singing: Findings from preliminary surveys of a university college choral society. Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 121(4), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/146642400112100409
Clift, S. M., Nicol, J., Raisebeck, M., Whitmore, C., & Morrison, I. (2010). Group singing , wellbeing and health : A systematic mapping of research evidence. 2.
Clift, S., & Morrison, I. (2011). Group singing fosters mental health and wellbeing: Findings from the East Kent “singing for health” network project. Mental Health and Social Inclusion, 15(2), 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1108/20428301111140930
Cohen-Mansfield, J., Marx, M. S., Freedman, L. S., Murad, H., Thein, K., & Dakheel-Ali, M. (2012). What affects pleasure in persons with advanced stage dementia? Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(3), 402–406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.12.003
Cooke, M. L., Moyle, W., Shum, D. H. K., Harrison, S. D., & Murfield, J. E. (2010). A randomized controlled trial exploring the effect of music on agitated behaviours and anxiety in older people with dementia. Aging and Mental Health, 14(8), 905–916. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607861003713190
Daykin, N., Mansfield, L., Meads, C., Julier, G., Tomlinson, A., Payne, A., Grigsby Duffy, L., Lane, J., D’Innocenzo, G., Burnett, A., Kay, T., Dolan, P., Testoni, S., & Victor, C. (2018). What works for wellbeing? A systematic review of wellbeing outcomes for music and singing in adults. Perspectives in Public Health, 138(1), 39–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913917740391
Fancourt, D., Williamon, A., Carvalho, L. A., Steptoe, A., Dow, R., & Lewis, I. (2016). Singing modulates mood, stress, cortisol, cytokine and neuropeptide activity in cancer patients and carers. Ecancermedicalscience. https://doi.org/10.3332/ecancer.2016.631
Harrison, E. C., Mcneely, M. E., & Earhart, G. M. (2017). Gait & Posture The feasibility of singing to improve gait in Parkinson disease. Gait & Posture, 53, 224–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.02.008
Hopper, M. J., Curtis, S., Hodge, S., & Simm, R. (2016). A qualitative study exploring the effects of attending a community pain service choir on wellbeing in people who experience chronic pain. British Journal of Pain, 10(3), 124–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/2049463716638368
Kang, J., Scholp, A., & Jiang, J. J. (2018). A Review of the Physiological Effects and Mechanisms of Singing. Journal of Voice, 32(4), 390–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.07.008
Kenny, D. T., & Faunce, G. (2004). The impact of group singing on mood, coping, and perceived pain in chronic pain patients attending a multidisciplinary pain clinic. Journal of Music Therapy, 41(3), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmt/41.3.241
Kreutz, G., Bongard, S., Rohrmann, S., Hodapp, V., & Grebe, D. (2004). Effects of choir singing or listening on secretory immunoglobulin A, cortisol, and emotional state. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27(6), 623–635. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-004-0006-9
Lewis, A., Cave, P., Stern, M., Welch, L., Taylor, K., Russell, J., Doyle, A.-M., Russell, A.-M., Mckee, H., Clift, S., Bott, J., & Hopkinson, N. S. (2016). Singing for Lung Health-a systematic review of the literature and consensus statement. Primary Care Respiratory Medicine, 26. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjpcrm.2016.80
Livesey, L., Morrison, I., Clift, S., & Camic, P. (2012). Benefits of choral singing for social and mental wellbeing: Qualitative findings from a cross-national survey of choir members. Journal of Public Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465721211207275
Moss, H., Lynch, J., & O’Donoghue, J. (2018). Exploring the perceived health benefits of singing in a choir: an international cross-sectional mixed-methods study. Perspectives in Public Health, 138(3), 160–168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1757913917739652
Osman, S. E., Tischler, V., & Schneider, J. (2016). ‘Singing for the Brain’: A qualitative study exploring the health and well-being benefits of singing for people with dementia and their carers. Dementia. https://doi.org/10.1177/1471301214556291
Panigrahi, A., Sohani, S., Amadi, C., & Joshi, A. (2014). Role of music in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A literature review. Technology and Health Care, 22(1), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.3233/THC-130773
Panksepp, J., & Bernatzky, G. (2002). Emotional sounds and the brain: The neuro-affective foundations of musical appreciation. Behavioural Processes, 60(2), 133–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-6357(02)00080-3
Pearce, E., Launay, J., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2015). The ice-breaker effect: Singing mediates fast social bonding. Royal Society Open Science, 2(10). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150221
Perciavalle, V., Blandini, M., Fecarotta, P., Buscemi, A., Di Corrado, D., Bertolo, L., Fichera, F., & Coco, M. (2017). The role of deep breathing on stress. Neurological Sciences, 38(3), 451–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-016-2790-8
Perkins, R., Mason-Bertrand, A., Fancourt, D., Baxter, L., & Williamon, A. (2020). How Participatory Music Engagement Supports Mental Well-being: A Meta-Ethnography. Qualitative Health Research, 30(12), 1924–1940. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320944142
Philip, K. E. J., Lewis, A., Buttery, S. C., McCabe, C., Manivannan, B., Fancourt, D., Orton, C. M., Polkey, M. I., & Hopkinson, N. S. (2021). Physiological demands of singing for lung health compared with treadmill walking. BMJ Open Respiratory Research, 8(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2021-000959
Porter, S., McConnell, T., McLaughlin, K., Lynn, F., Cardwell, C., Braiden, H. J., Boylan, J., Holmes, V., Rogan, S., Clinician, L., Diamond, K., Allen, J., Reilly, C., Davidson, F., McDowell, C., Boyd, R., Oldfield, A., Mullowney, M., Downes, C., … Heale, A. (2017). Music therapy for children and adolescents with behavioural and emotional problems: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 58(5), 586–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12656
Reagon, C., Gale, N., Enright, S., Mann, M., & van Deursen, R. (2016). A mixed-method systematic review to investigate the effect of group singing on health related quality of life. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 27, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.03.017
Schäfer, T., Sedlmeier, P., Städtler, C., & Huron, D. (2013). The psychological functions of music listening. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(AUG). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00511
Seltzer, L. J., Ziegler, T. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2010). Social vocalizations can release oxytocin in humans. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 277(1694), 2661–2666. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0567
Simmons-Stern, N. ., Budson, A. ., & Ally, B. . (2010). Music as a Memory Enhancer in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuropsychologia.
Sprouse-Blum, A. S., Smith, G., Sugai, D., & Parsa, F. D. (2010). Understanding endorphins and their importance in pain management. Hawaii Medical Journal, 69(3), 70–71.
Tarrant, M., Lamont, R. A., Carter, M., Dean, S. G., Spicer, S., Sanders, A., & Calitri, R. (2021). Measurement of Shared Social Identity in Singing Groups for People With Aphasia. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(June), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.669899
Uhlig, S., Jansen, E., & Scherder, E. (2018). “Being a bully isn’t very cool…”: Rap & Sing Music Therapy for enhanced emotional self-regulation in an adolescent school setting – a randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Music, 46(4), 568–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735617719154
Vickhoff, B., Malmgren, H., Åström, R., Nyberg, G., Ekström, S.-R., Engwall, M., Snygg, J., Nilsson, M., Jörnsten, R., Large, E. W., Muller, C., Ellis, R. J., & Israel, B. (2013). Music structure determines heart rate variability of singers. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00334
Welch, G. F., Himonides, E., Saunders, J., Papageorgi, I., Rinta, T., Preti, C., Stewart, C., Lani, J., & Hill, J. (2011). Researching the first year of the National Singing Programme Sing Up in England: An initial impact evaluation. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind and Brain, 21(1–2), 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094006
WiÄ™ch, P., SaÅ‚aciÅ„ska, I., Walat, K., Kózka, M., & BazaliÅ„ski, D. (2020). Can Singing in a Choir Be a Key Strategy for Lifelong Health? A Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Voice. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.11.010
Yohannes, A.M., Baldwin, R.C., Connolly, M.J. (2006) Depression and anxiety in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Age and Ageing 35(5), p. 457–459,